American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) Practice Exam

Who was the founder of the Garden City movement?

1. Daniel Burnham

2. Ebenezer Howard

3. Frederick Law Olmsted

4. Cecil Balmond

The correct answer is: Ebenezer Howard

The Garden City movement was founded by Ebenezer Howard, who articulated a vision for urban development that combined the benefits of both city and countryside. In his seminal book, "To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform," published in 1898, Howard proposed the creation of self-sufficient communities surrounded by greenbelts, which would promote healthier living conditions and provide a balanced environment for residents. His ideas emphasized the importance of community, green spaces, and systematic planning to improve urban living. Howard's vision was influential in shaping urban planning, leading to the establishment of several garden cities in the early 20th century, particularly in the United Kingdom. This movement significantly impacted subsequent planning practices and theories, promoting the concept of integrating nature into urban environments. His foundational work laid the groundwork for modern urban planning and continues to resonate in discussions about sustainable development and smart growth today.