American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) Practice Exam

Which individual is NOT known for their involvement in organizational approaches to citizen participation?

1. Saul Alinsky

2. Patrick Geddes

3. Susan Arnstein

4. Paul Davidoff

The correct answer is: Patrick Geddes

Patrick Geddes is primarily recognized for his contributions to urban planning and his vision of "place" and "community," which emphasized the importance of environmental and social contexts in urban development. While he significantly influenced the field of urban planning, his work did not focus specifically on organizational strategies for citizen participation like the others mentioned. In contrast, Saul Alinsky is well-known for developing community organizing methods that actively engage citizens in their political environments. His work laid the groundwork for grassroots activism aimed at empowering communities. Similarly, Susan Arnstein is famous for her "ladder of citizen participation," which outlines levels of citizen involvement in decision-making processes, clearly demonstrating her focus on citizen engagement. Paul Davidoff contributed to planning practices by advocating for advocacy planning, which aims to represent the interests of various community groups in the planning process. All of these individuals are recognized for their direct contributions to frameworks or methodologies that enhance citizen participation, making them integral to discussions about participatory approaches in planning. Thus, while Geddes's work is vital in urban contexts, it does not squarely place him within the organizational approaches specifically targeting citizen participation like the others.