American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) Practice Exam

When was the first "Dumbbell" tenement constructed and what was its design?

1. 1875, designed for single-family occupancy

2. 1880, unique for its wide rectangular shape

3. 1879, shaped like a dumbbell to accommodate multiple families

4. 1892, noted for its luxury amenities

The correct answer is: 1879, shaped like a dumbbell to accommodate multiple families

The first "Dumbbell" tenement was constructed in 1879, and its design was characterized by a layout that resembled a dumbbell. This form included narrow sections connected by wider central areas, allowing for multiple residential units while maximizing the number of families that could occupy the building. This design was a response to housing shortages in urban areas, particularly in New York City, during a time when rapid industrialization led to significant population growth. The dumbbell shape created inner courtyards, which, although intended to provide fresh air and light to the apartments, often resulted in inadequate living conditions due to overcrowding and poor ventilation. The layout specifically addressed the need for more housing units to accommodate the influx of immigrants and working-class families, reflecting the social and economic conditions of the era. The focus on maximizing occupancy while attempting to provide light and air was a significant innovation in urban architecture at that time.