American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) Practice Exam

What does the Ladder of Citizen Participation critique in planning processes?

1. The quality of housing in urban areas

2. The distribution of power in decision-making

3. The effectiveness of public transport

4. The diversity of community input

The correct answer is: The distribution of power in decision-making

The Ladder of Citizen Participation, developed by Sherry Arnstein, highlights the varying degrees of citizen involvement in planning and decision-making processes. It critiques how power dynamics affect participatory processes, asserting that while certain mechanisms may appear to involve citizens, they do not necessarily equate to genuine empowerment or influence. The primary focus of the Ladder is on the distribution of power. It categorizes participation into different levels ranging from non-participation to full citizen control, illustrating that genuine empowerment involves not just having a voice but also the authority to impact outcomes. By examining the structures and practices in planning, the Ladder seeks to bring attention to how marginalized voices may be suppressed, thereby highlighting the importance of equitable power sharing in decision-making. While the concept encompasses various aspects of citizen engagement, its main critique centers on the imbalance of power that can diminish the effectiveness and authenticity of public participation in planning processes.